Road Clears for Calcium Chlori essays

Street Clears for Calcium Chlori expositions Calcium chloride is utilized for such things as residue control, street deicing, and to aid oil furthermore, gas penetrating. It is handily produced for an assortment of sources; underground salt waters in Michigan, a side-effect of hydrochloric corrosive streams, and soft drink debris can hold calcium chloride. For a considerable length of time the market was provided by three significant produces Dow Chemical, General Chemical, and Tetra Technologies-all of which produce such a high-volume, that it makes oversupply and poor costs. These organizations previously created generally 1.5 million tons for every year and out of that just around 1 million tons are utilized. In 1995, Ambar Fused concluded that they would enter the calcium chloride advertise. They spent over $60 million on provisions and opened delayed in 1997. At that point North America encountered the warm and low precipitation winters in 1999 and 2000, there was an amazingly low interest for calcium chloride and the organization fizzled. The misfortune has not been felt by different organizations yet, for the creation level this year was low. There have additionally been reductions which are diminishing the measure of calcium chloride created from hydrochloric corrosive. This isn't useful for the creators of calcium chloride, for higher costs would hurt the sum they can place into their feedstock. Additionally Shell Chemicals which supplies Tetra with their result stream is taking a shot at making that stream more acidic so it very well may be sold more as corrosive, a market where there is more cash accessible. Tetra is as yet haggling to remain on the site, yet are not stressed for their different offices could bolster the required yield. General Chemical, bases their calcium chloride activity in the biggest office in North America, there they coproduce soft drink debris and calcium chloride. Albeit numerous offices used to speck across North America, when characteristic soft drink debris was found during the 1940s in Wyoming the cost was low to the point that contenders ... <!

Irs bus 50 p Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Irs transport 50 p - Essay Example So as to serve the customers expertly, a worker must be completely outfitted with great relational abilities: this may incorporate; having mental fortitude when conversing with the customers, this implies being positive about realizing one can make huge commitments to the conversations. Customary act of the assessment guidelines, this will build ones information and trust in taking care of the customers. Creating productive listening expertise will empower one comprehend the genuine region of concern and in this manner ready to react properly. Working at INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE is occasional as people are contracted to labor for one year at that point continue to school where they the association at that point offers preparing to the understudies. Working in IRS is a lot of speaking to me because of the quantity of befits that accompanied it. One of the significant reasons I would favor working for the national government is the steadfastness of serving my nation. The experience one gets when serving the huge populace is amazing. The position would open me to knowing about the assessment guidelines present in my

Emotional Intelligence Has 12 Elements. Which Do You Need to Work On

Emotional Intelligence Has 12 Elements. Which Do You Need to Work On Emotional intelligence is generally described as an ability to realize, understand, recognize and manage our own emotions as well as the emotions of other people in our environment.The important part of emotional intelligence is that its not only related to perception, but also to the ability to influence our own and other peoples emotions, so that we may produce a change in the behavior or atmosphere.The term was popularized in 1996 book Emotional Intelligence written by Daniel Goleman.Since it became popularized, it has been suggested that EQ or an emotional intelligence quotient may even be more important than IQ (intelligence quotient).Intelligence, in general, has many definitions of which only a few are related to the ability to adapt, perceive, overcome problems and acquire and use knowledge.Be that as it may, since our survival depends on functioning as a group, all of our capacities depend on the fluctuations that our behavior causes in the social context.In other words, wit hout EQ to back it up, IQ is of little worth.Since emotional intelligence is a newer term than general intelligence, its far more difficult to assess, although there are many different methods of evaluating general intelligence as well, and none of them are a perfect tool of assessment.Many positions in the social and business hierarchy depend on IQ assessments of certified psychologists as well as accomplishments of an individual, especially those achievements which are deemed to directly stem from an individual being highly intelligent.Emotional intelligent people are the perfect candidates for leadership and the positions on the top of the ladder.However, capacity without hard work is a mere waste of potential.Until recently, the formula for success and consequently a perfect entrepreneur was hard potential + hard work, but all of that is in vain if one lacks in EQ because his or her deeds wont have a wholesome positive impact on society.Weve prepared a list of traits of emotiona l intelligence so you can check whether you need to work on some aspects of it or not.1. SELF-AWARENESSEmotional intelligence is generally what allows you to balance your experiences, behavior as well as your actions and reactions with other peoples behavior, expectations, and characters.Knowing how others feel and what makes them tick is important, but its not useful if you dont know what drives and influences your own behavior.Having a clear picture of yourself and knowing exactly how and what you feel is what helps you set your goals straight and not shoot to miss.It also allows you to get to know your strengths and your weaknesses which is priceless in any form of social interaction.Knowing where you stand is the only thing that allows you to move or, in other words, self-awareness is the only thing that allows you to evolve.Without knowing about your insufficiencies, how will you ever account for them?Did you ever catch yourself wondering about why arent your social or entrepre neurial endeavors coming to fruition? It may be because youve misevaluated yourself.Self-awareness is basically a perception of yourself and your environment. In order to be self-aware, you also need to be aware of others as well as the way that others influence you and vice versa.You are always drenched in the environmental and the social context so everything that you are is affected by that context. Being aware of the bigger picture is a prerequisite to self-awareness. No man is an island.For you to perceive yourself as accurately as you can, you need to employ as many faculties as you can and be highly analytical.The keyword here is introspection or the ability to examine and observe yourself as objectively as you can while at the same time examining your subjective inner processes as emotions and thoughts.A similar way to describe the process that leads to self-awareness is critical thinking.Critical thinking is the basis of philosophical and scientific reasoning which is found ed on the spirit of examination.To put it differently, to be a critical thinker you have to be willing to bring everything to question and analyze phenomena (including yourself) from a plethora of different perspectives including other peoples perspectives.You do all that with the purpose of getting to a neutral, precise and unbiased conclusion about the object of your examination which in this case is you yourself.When you know what makes you tick, its that much easier to obtain it and function properly.A good thing to do is to keep a journal of your thoughts, feelings, and experiences. Analyze everything. Ask as many questions as you can.If you get into a quarrel, try looking at things from your opponents perspective.If you havent been so self-critical recently and if youre for any reason unpopular, it might be because you lack self-awareness which would propel you towards personal development and the solution for your social problems. 2. SELF-DISCIPLINE/SELF-MANAGEMENT/SELF-REGUL ATIONJust being aware of yourself is worth nothing if you dont put that awareness to use somehow.Enter self-regulation.Self-regulation or self-discipline is the ability to stay in tracks in times when controlling yourself gets hard.The ability to self-regulate develops later in life and is a trait of a mature person.Children can often be self-centered and disregard other peoples needs and emotions. They are guided by the Freudian pleasure principle and react instinctively.An important feature of being an adult is the ability to restrain ones instincts and articulate desires and actions in a more effective fashion.An infant lacks psycho-motor capacities to restrain itself. Thats why children piss their pants.Other than that, their minds are not yet fully developed so as to grasp the bigger social picture and that is why children cant wait to get what they want even at the expense of their own wellbeing and the wellbeing of others around them as well.Imagine a society consisting of su ch infantile individuals who dont know how to postpone their needs.   It would collapse in no time.Thats why, in time, we develop a sense of other peoples internal states as well as our own. Emotional intelligent people pay close attention to the way their actions affect other peoples inner lives.Its the inner lives that propel the external stimuli and emotionally intelligent people know that so they pay attention to subtleties such as other peoples way of thinking, which in turn makes their way of thinking more versatile.Have you ever been called selfish, narcissistic, egocentric or such?Then you might need to consider developing your self-regulation with respect to other peoples moods.It would benefit you not just socially, but psychologically as well to be able to restrain your negative and destructive discharges and emotions.Being aware of them is one thing, but managing them is a different thing even though theyre closely connected.People with emotional intelligence manage thei r actions and emotions for their own gain as well as not to inflict damage to other peoples feelings.The statistics below show the higher rates of success of individuals who show the capacity to self-regulate. Source: https://www.researchgate.netIf you often find yourself bursting, acting out, reacting impulsively or procrastinating then you should enhance your self-disciplinary skills.A good thing to do is to make a schedule. Schedule fewer tasks so as to increase proficiency!Practice calming yourself. Take a few deep breaths before you react. Count to ten.3. EMPATHYEmpathy or the ability to understand and share other peoples feelings is a byproduct or maybe even a cause of our evolutional need to stick together and survive in groups.As emotional intelligent people are more prone to empathy, theyre more adapted in society as well. Its not to say that emotional intelligent people are necessarily conformists, but their capacity to understand others and put themselves in other peoples shoes is greater.Being aware of other peoples needs and feelings, however, can put you at a disadvantage if you forget your own needs.Thats why its important for all of the elements of emotional intelligence to be brought into harmony.Its important to note that empathy is not just an inborn sensitivity. It can also be practiced, learned and improved as a skill.If someone asks you a common question like how are you and you engage in long answers and forget to ask back, then you should consider honing your listening skills and withholding judgment while at it.Consider offering help where needed, but dont do it by inertia.Being empathetic or emotionally intelligent does not necessarily imply being nice all the time.If you couldnt control who youll empathize with, youd be at a great disadvantage and under threat of being manipulated by less empathetic individuals than yourself.The point of intelligence is for you to be proactive and aware of the skills you employ so switch the autopilot off.4. POSITIVE OUTLOOKA positive outlook is basically optimism. Its the ability to focus on positive aspects of people or situations that you find yourself in.Even when something seems as negative as it gets, some people who exhibit emotional intelligence are wise enough to focus on what they can gain from negative experiences.Perseverance in the pursuit of goals despite the challenges and the hardship is what separates successful leaders with a positive outlook from mediocre people.Seeing opportunity even when faced with certain failure is what positive outlook is about. Its the ability to focus on the positive and maintain that focus no matter how hard things get.Research shows that a positive outlook helps in building both psychological and physical resiliency.Some people are wired into behaving as if the pessimism will adequately prepare them for all the setbacks that they may experience.However, paying attention to setbacks only can greatly diminish our motivation.Thats why its important to master the skills of positive thinking as it can enhance every aspect of our endeavors.If you are trying to anticipate and account for every setback by thinking and then get full of doubts as to whether the project will be successful… if you often give up before you even start, you should start paying close attention to the positive outlook.You might need to work on this feature.Are you the glass-half-empty or glass-half-full type? 5. ACHIEVEMENT ORIENTATIONRight next to a positive outlook is achievement orientation which is somewhat similar.It entails a tendency to meet a standard of excellence with high regard too feedback that we get on our performance.Achievement-oriented people are constantly seeking ways to improve themselves and perfect what they do.Its not just high reward motivation were talking about here, its the combination of humility, self-awareness and a positive outlook.Achievement-oriented leaders are always aware of the need to perfect themselves which makes them less arrogant and bossy.On the other hand, they are confident and optimistic enough to believe that they can excel and succeed with hard work.Thats why theyre motivated and they exhibit the cap acity to motivate the team as well.Its not idle optimism thats in question.Emotional intelligent people are well aware of psycho-physical insufficiencies and setbacks, but they dont let it take them down.They work hard on personal development instead. 6. ADAPTABILITYThere are many optimistic people out there, but mere naive optimism can actually pose a threat to your perseverance and resilience.If youre bent on success and achievement-oriented, but you dont ground that orientation on hard work and objective (as close as you can get to it) assessment of your capabilities, you might end up disappointed and turn into a pessimist.If you try to impose your will on others without compromising or if youre expecting for the world to cater for your wishes while youre disregarding everything else but yourself, youll end up rejected and fail.Adaptability is often about compromise. You have to sacrifice something in order to gain something else. You have to be able to change and adapt to the si tuation.By acknowledging the very need to change, you exhibit a high degree of self-awareness, so once more, the elements of emotional intelligence show that they depend on one another.As Darwin said:its not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is most adaptable to change.Its important to note that its not just others that youre adapting to. Its not just environment that youre adapting to.Adaptability means being prone to change. Sometimes change happens whether we like it or not. Its our inner changes that were advised to watch out for and accept if need be.For us to adapt, of course, we have to be aware of our environment and have the ability to perceive and understand the changes in other peoples behavior, feelings, emotions, etc.If you often find yourself forcing your way through the group and disregarding public opinion, you might have adversity towards conformism which is great, but if it diminishes your adaptab ility, this is a trait for you to work on.7. INFLUENCEThis ones really easy. If youre keen on emotional fluctuations, both yours and your colleagues, if youre aware of them at all times, you can understand them and feel them, its easy for you to do something to steer their changes.Its like understanding a well-tuned mechanism where you know that, if you press this, then that happens.Human psyche at many times resembles such a mechanism, its just too complex for us to realize that.Emotional intelligent people know how the mechanism works and what to press in order to produce the desired effects.They know how to act and how to engage in subtle communication. In other words, they have people skills. Theyre highly socially competent individuals.That would pose a danger if they werent keen on empathy too.Thats the only thing keeping them from being manipulative, although at times if need be, they know how to do it.Its easy to emotionally blackmail someone to do our bidding.Human machines can sometimes give predictable results when faced with hurt and suffering and that is something that all of us can use.We dont really have to be emotionally intelligent to emotionally threaten people.However, thats not the subtlety of emotional influence.The real trick is to make people happy and peaceful or to even make them laugh.The main difference between manipulation and influence is that the latter affects the atmosphere in a positive manner.Truly emotionally intelligent people know how to do it and thats why theyre the perfect candidates for leaders.We all naturally appreciate and want to follow the person which made us happy.Were simply inclined to support them because we consequently support ourselves that way and we invest in our own emotional equilibrium.Knowing how to identify a threatening emotion and neutralize it before it becomes a problem is a must-have in your skillset if you hope to be a powerful leader.Ask yourself how do people in your presence feel?How do they feel about you and when you appear, what kind of reactions are you faced with?Are you greeted with respect, fear, stiffness or smiles and open-body-language communication?Are the conversations people have with you chit-chatty or are they meaningful? Are people relieved to see you or not? How many times do they ask for your advice or opinion on something? When is the last time someone asked for your help?If reactions to your appearance are negative, you may want to work on the emotional influence that your behavior generally produces. 8. TEAMWORKThese days its all about influencing and that is an important aspect of leadership, but every leader, in order to be able to influence, must be susceptible to influences also.Thats where the self-awareness part comes into separate positive from negative influences and refine them.To be able to lead, you also have to know how to follow.Society isnt a one-man band and if you could do it all by yourself you wouldnt have to manage a company so i f youve already rallied the team, act as a part of it.Emotionally intelligent people are often leaders, but leadership is not about bossing people around. Theres an important difference between a boss and a leader.When the going gets tough, the tough get going and the leaders the first one to do it.He/she faces difficult tasks head-on so as to inspire the team.He/she is a primus inter pares, but that doesnt mean he/shes not a part of the team. He/she knows that two heads think better than one and he/she has a tendency to listen to others and honor reasonable suggestions of his / her teammates.An emotionally intelligent leader also employs the skills of empathy and influence to alleviate the problems that may come out of co-workers difference in character.That way the team gets strengthened.Do you consider yourself a team player or are you a lone wolf?If its the latter, you should revise on this, because a strong team is always stronger than a strong individual.9. CONFLICT MANAGEMENT A strong team is always stronger than a strong individual is, but its also less stable.The more people it consists of, the harder it is to manage it.All of us have our individual inclinations and traits that need to be accounted for and we all need to make a compromise in order to work as a team.Emotional intelligent leaders are perfect conflict managers due to their emotional sensitivity and ability to recognize, identify and understand their own emotions and the emotions of their teammates.In other words, they know how to diagnose and treat the problem.Our engagements have their way of producing emotions and emotions often get tangled up and produce conflict.It can also be a conflict of interests, principles or world-views, but in the end, its all emotional.People with high EQ have their way of managing their own emotions first and resolving their internal conflicts.Thats why theyre so competent at resolving conflicts between their co-workers or even business partners.Theyre the p erfect arbitrators because they have the ability to view the things from both perspectives and come up with the best compromise for both sides.They know how sensitive peoples emotions are and how Ego dependent people usually are so they thread carefully so as not to step on a land mine of vanity that causes an avalanche of drama.Emotionally intelligent people are natural-born leaders, diplomats, managers or psychologists, and therapists.They have that gentle touch and moderation that leaders need to have, but they also know how to apply the Occams razor techniques in resolving problems. Source: workshopbank.com 10. COACH AND MENTORWeve mentioned that emotional intelligence is not just about inborn talent. Its also a skill to improve and it depends on experience and focus on individual and collective emotional dynamics.Since EQ gifted individuals pay a lot of attention on emotions and give them a lot of thought, theyre perfect candidates to coach and mentor.They know the hardships of acquiring new knowledge and skills and they know how to motivate individuals and neutralize their emotional barriers (such as fear) when confronting novelty.They also know how important it is to guide instead of just giving orders. Theyre always aware of collective and they recognize their role in it which is to further its growth and improve it in any way that they can.Their memory of their own different stages of development and their own changes in perspective is as clear as ever and thats why its easy for them to level with the employees they need to train etc.Because the rat race sy stem is so superficial, people these days have trouble recognizing and identifying their own emotions, not to mention articulating them.Thats why it seems that shrinks and therapists are not enough so all kinds of mentors, gurus and life coaches come on the stage.Many dont take these professions seriously because of the lack of scientific background, but when you look at how clumsy people are when it comes to social dynamics, you start wondering whether these professions are actually needed.After all, science cant teach anyone how to be charismatic or likable, but if you have a high EQ, you just might show someone how to act, think and be.Are you diligent and thorough, but plain and simple in passing the knowledge?Do you remember your own hardships in learning and do you know how to bypass obstacles and accelerate the process of learning? If so, you might have a high EQ.11. ORGANIZATIONAL AWARENESSTo avoid the assumption that emotional intelligence is just some mystical-intuitive no n-precise sensitivity, we make note that were talking about intelligence here.That means, that although it can be more intuitive than your everyday rational cognition, it is somewhat structured and organized.In relation to that, emotionally intelligent people are often internally and externally well organized. Their minds and emotions are not feeble. Theyre as complex as anyones are, but theyre tidy.Because people gifted with EQ have a knack for understanding peoples goals and motivations, they can find a way to bring them to harmony.Motivation is not a-temporal. It happens in time and organizational awareness is about knowing when what and how to connect.The momentum is as important as space because time and space are the two organizational axes. The third one is our inner sensibility. Emotional intelligence is all about coordinating the axes.Organizational aware people know the importance of the connections and their stability so they are punctual and tidy in order to respect thei r own and other peoples time.Thats how they create networking opportunities.They work well in corporate environments because they know how much emotions impact overall performance and vice versa. They are in touch with subtle behavioral norms in the corporation and they have a knack for both the collectives and individuals dynamics so they balance the two out.Do you have the ability to read relationships and understand your co-workers motivations and goals?Can you recognize the emotional climate?Can you locate the organizational problems and alleviate them?Do you understand the social networks, dynamics, and hierarchy of your environment?If 3 of your answers are negative you definitely need to work on your organizational awareness.You may consult with your colleagues on this and compare the answers to the questions to determine if you have a clear picture of how things work and who calls the shots.12. INSPIRATIONAL LEADERSHIPNow, leadership is one thing and it can be perfected, but the ability to inspire is on the borderline of art.Its one thing to get other people to know that the best chances of them profiting is following you as the most competent one.A completely different thing, however, is inspiring them so that they believe in an idea and so that they follow you as an example, while theyre really following their own ideals and the feeling that they can become the best versions of themselves and create something a difference in the world one worth fighting for.Its one thing to make people put their back into something, but to inspire them so that they want to risk and sacrifice their time and energy is the ability to create devotion.For such a thing to happen, you need to know each one of your co-workers individually. You have to know what gets them started and what they consider to be a turnoff.You have to know their strings and levers in order to be able to pull them accordingly and motivate them to align with your (and their own) goals and visions.It s not enough to get them fired up. You also have to instill a sense of trust, admiration, and respect. That way, theyre not going to be just interested in your companys strategy, but theyll also partake in responsibility and important tasks from which theyll eventually grow.When they believe in the possibility of their personal growth, they will have a sense of purposefulness which is more than the best employers out there can provide them with.That way theyll value themselves more and if youre keen on emotional fluctuations, youll let them contribute to the projects more.Theyll dare to give suggestions and take initiatives and if you listen, you might just learn something yourself.Since youre a leader, you take full responsibility for the teams failures even though they willingly partake in taking the blame and the fall.Now that is a team that is connected way beyond purely corporate interests.By encouraging their creativity and proactivity, you create not only trustworthy colleagu es and employees, but you create leaders as well.You create a tradition which will pass on the fire of devotion and the sense of personal fulfillment, value, and pride.CONCLUSIONMany things still revolve around profit and power as people remain blind for emotional subtleties.However, mere profit without regard for emotional balance is a sheer waste of energy, time and resources.If you disregard your emotions, youll spend your resources in vain trying to restore emotional balance to your life.We forget why weve started the rat race in the first place and that was so that we can support and improve our emotional life. If were unhappy, our money is of little worth to us.Thats why employee satisfaction rate must be accounted for by the management if they strategize for long-term revenue which is more than monetary.Thats why HR should consider EQ testing the potential employee candidates, especially if they aim for higher management positions.

Social Identity Theory Prepared By Josh Cramer Montes

SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY Prepared by Josh Cramer-Montes Social identity theory was developed by British social psychologists Henri Tajfel and John Turner in the 1970s and 1980s. This theory analyzes the process through which individuals identify and value their membership within a group, and how groups interact with one another in social contexts. Tajfel was specifically interested in analyzing identity and group favoritism on the one hand, followed by stereotyping and discrimination, which could evolve into violence and conflict, on the other (BBC, 2011 - ?). His interest in this analysis was fueled by his experiences as a Polish Jew who was one of the few people he knew in his community to survive the Holocaust during World War II (BBC,†¦show more content†¦Tajfel’s experiment signaled a significant departure from the largely North American psychological school of thought at the time, which believed that prejudice was caused by individual personalities and bias was a result of competition between groups. It highlighted t he fact that individuals had a natural, cognitive bias, which meant that competition was not necessary and that personalities were not relevant (BBC, 2012). Tajfel outlined these ideas in his article, Cognitive Aspects of Prejudice, first published in 1969. According to Simply Psychology, Tajfel and Turner proposed the following three mental processes take place in evaluating others as â€Å"us† or â€Å"them† i.e. â€Å"in-group† or â€Å"out-group† through a series of social categorization, social identification and social comparison. Social categorization is the process through which people are naturally inclined to categorize themselves into one or more groups such as social classes, ethnic groups and sports, all of which serve as a source of identity and self-esteem. Furthermore, they provide individuals with a sense of belonging in a social world. Members of in in-group may find an increase emotional strength and coping skills associated with their group membership. Individuals within these groups self-categorize and implement, subconsciously or consciously, strategies

Brave New World By Aldous Huxley - 1965 Words

Neal Mars Professor Bradley English 1102 February 19, 2015 Brave New World â€Å"Aldous Huxley’s ‘Brave New World’ is largely about what we got – a consumerist post God happy land †¦Ã¢â‚¬  This quote from Kyle Smith in his article about Brave New World is an example on how the world is becoming the dystopia that Aldous Huxley created in Brave New World. In Brave New World people are taken away from reality by a drug called soma, the belief in Henry Ford as a God instead of a person, the technological control from birth that changes what a person wants to something that the government wants the citizen to know, the fear or an all powering state, and the alienation of people forced into a society they don’t want to be in or are not wanted in. Soma a drug that supplies instant gratification to a person in the Brave New World is similar to how technology today supplies people with a way to shut out the rest of the world and enter another world, the fantasy world! In Brave New World soma is used to control the populous and keep them from realizing how little freedom they have. Soma in the book is similar to how technology can alter what us citizens think and act towards the government today. â€Å"Led some to suggest that technological evolution is more important to humanity’s near future than biological evolution †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Tim Wu) Aldous Huxley predicted just this. In Brave New World pregnancy is no more and having your own child does not exist, but instead they make people out of technologyShow MoreRelatedA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley668 Words   |  3 PagesIn Brave New World, there are similarities that have a deeper meaning that we can understand. There are personal effects in Aldous Huxley life that contribute to what he has written in the book. Aldous Huxley throughout his life have seen, done, and events have happened to him, just like all of us, but he has expressed it in his book. So when Ald ous wrote the he had so many ideas. I have read the book; it’s notRead MoreBrave New World by Aldous Huxley811 Words   |  3 Pages Brave New World is based around characters who gave up the right of freedom for happiness; characters who ignored the truth so that they could live in a utopian civilization. The deceiving happiness was a constant reminder throughout the book. Almost every character in Brave New World did whatever they could to avoid facing the truth about their own situations. In this society, happiness is not compatible with the truth because the World State believes that happiness was at the expense of theRead MoreBrave New World By Aldous Huxley1525 Words   |  7 PagesA Brave New Feminist The novel Brave New World written by Aldous Huxley in 1932 is known for its social satire, utopian values, and unusual standpoints on stereotypical gender roles. In this time where futuristic technology has completely taken over, and men and women are given the same opportunities for everything, â€Å"the genders appear equal within the social order; both men and women work at the same jobs, have equal choice in sexual partners, and participate in the same leisure pursuits† (MarchRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley664 Words   |  3 Pagesfor the fact being in the future and in the past time has changed and many differences were made. In his Dystopian Society Huxley portrays masses of niches where the government produces clones for specific reasons. Huxley decides throughout Brave New World that cloning humans is unethical. He then becomes in contact with the society’s most powerful Alphas and Betas clones. Huxley suggest in BNW that lower class groups in clo ning humans to act like servants to terrorize them into working hard conditionsRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley1189 Words   |  5 Pages In the world of sex, drugs, and baby cloning you are going to be in many situations where you feel like the world we live in should be different. In the story Brave New World, they had sex with multiple partners along with a very bad use of drugs. It is weird that Aldous Huxley wrote this book in 1931 about the world he was living in during that time and how it is similar to the world we live in today. Nowadays, drugs are still being used and people are still engaging in sexual encounters withRead MoreBrave New World By Aldous Huxley968 Words   |  4 PagesAldous Huxley’s utopia in Brave New World foreshadowed and illuminated the complications within modern day society. Upon its release, the narrative became widely banned all over the United States due to the unorthodox thoughts and actions of multiple characters in it. Early readers, as well as modern day audiences, feared and rejected the ideals that Huxley incorporated into his perfect society; however, our society today is heading towards the dark paths the older generations desired to avoid. Read MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley895 Words   |  4 Pagesthe novel Brave New World, Aldous Huxley tells of a society where everyone is the same but, compared to t oday’s society, everything is different. Huxley tells of a world where everything that happens or takes place is because of one’s own desire and nothing more. The hero in the novel, a â€Å"savage† named John, is Huxley’s main focal point. It is through his eyes and mind that the reader sees what’s going on. Now when I read this novel, I began to think, â€Å"Could this perfect, conformed world actuallyRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley1684 Words   |  7 Pagesimperfect world and is usually only a hopeful dream. These types of worlds can greatly be described in detail through the world of science fiction. Aldous Huxley was an English writer who lived during a time when war and chaos were engulfing the world. His works reflect his view and thoughts on a dystopia, which is a false utopia, and describes what could occur in possible governments of the world. The ability to understand and dive into the thoughts of the author is what make s world literatureRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley614 Words   |  2 Pagesthem truly happy. What if someone were to tell you that what you thought was true happiness was all an illusion. In a Brave New World by Aldous Huxley people in the world state are conditioned and drugged up by soma to not experience true happiness. In a world that is perfect, human beings do not have to depend on drugs to keep our world in balance. In a Brave New World by Aldous Huxley there is always a perfect drug called soma that keeps everyone happy, which they have based their society on. ThisRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley948 Words   |  4 PagesWelcome to a world were â€Å"Brave† is not just a word; It has a true meaning. This is a story were everything as you know it, doesn’t seem to be right and will completely change your way of thinking. When this story was written, life was very harsh for many people†¦.Mostly for the author who wrote â€Å"Brave New World† During this time (1930s) they didn’t have much sexual content Living The Future Of The Past In The Present†¦.. In the air; But Aldous made a future full of sex for them and we are the

Importance of Technical Education Free Essays

Technical Education plays a vital role in human resource development of the country by creating skilled manpower, enhancing industrial productivity and improving the quality of life. Technical Education covers courses and programmes in engineering, technology, management, architecture, town planning, pharmacy and applied arts crafts, hotel management and catering technology. The technical education system in the country can be broadly classified into three categories – Central Government funded institutions, State Government/State-funded institutions Self-financed institutions. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Technical Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now The 65 Centrally funded institution of technical and science education are as under: IITs | 15| IIMs | 13| IISc. , Bangalore| 1| IISERs| 5| NITs| 30| IIITs| 4| NITTTRs| 4| Others (SPA, ISMU, NERIST, SLIET, NITIE NIFFT, CIT)| 9| TOTAL| 81| Besides the above, there are four Boards of Apprenticeship Training (BOATs). The Central Government is also implementing the following schemes/programmes: – (i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme (TEQIP) assisted by the World Bank. (ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Indian National Digital Library for Science Technology (INDEST). There is one Public Sector Undertaking, namely, Educational Consultants India Ltd. (Ed. CIL) under the Ministry. There are also Apex Councils, namely the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and Council of Architecture (COA). IMPORTANCE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION. Education is important for every individual in a nation. It plays a vital role to change the stare of a country. No country could bring a revolution in it unless its everybody are educated enough to meet the challenges. Education makes a man realize about himself and his goals and how to achieve that goals. Basically, Education is divided into three groups. The Education which teaches the concerns of a society is called Social Education. The Education which develops a personality inside a man himself is called Spiritual Education. The Education that concerns with the professionalism is called Vocational Education. The Technical Education comes under the branch of Vocational Education which deals practically in the field of trade, commerce, agriculture, medicine Engineering. We are living in the modern age of science where we found Technologies in every aspect of life. What makes life so brain friendly for us simply; these are the Technologies which we use for our ease and comforts. Not only in our daily life but also in the research centre, in defensive measured of a country, biological aspects etc. No nation could generate the progress unless it promotes technical aspects in its fields. The technical education produces technicians for all type of industries and it is true that the progress of a country much depend upon its Industrialization without which a handsome economy would not be possible. Using a technology is far easier than to develop it. For developing a technology, it needed high skill teams which have a high data for the theme. It also needed a high amount of time and also money. To fulfill all these, there must be technical institutes which must cover all the faculties of technological studies and also the support of government to support financially to contruct it at international level. If it would be at International level then it would be easier to students to grab data in their own state so that they could do something for their own country. Pakistan leads in the technological era. The exhibition canters in Pakistan plays a vital role in backing up the technicians to come up with more and more new technologies because it gives reflection of our technologies to the foreigners which are representing their country, which means we are reflecting our image to that world. By this we have a sense of development and prosperity that we also produce creative mind in the technological aspect. As far as Pakistans implementation in techno field is concern, we might look around and observe that in every field of life we are using high class technologies whether it is in the Industrial purpose, business purpose, agriculture purpose or defensive purpose. There has been a lot of emergence of on-line trading, which deals with high technological concerns in term of machinery and software. Pakistan Telecommunication field also deal with high-class technology. Pakistan also promises to produce best technicians of its own through their technical education centers which allow approximately all the faculties for technical development. These institutes also support the new courses of technology which are introduced at a instant so that there would be no line at which we lay behind. The most important institutes of in Pakistan which support the technical courses incorporate, NED University, GIK University, Karachi University, Mehran University and there are also some other private Universities which deal in technological subjects. These institutes promise to produce technicians who cold meet the challenges of the technological era. I feel proud when I watch the students rushing towards these technical institutes to become a prosperous technician who have a sense of responsibility for the progress of their nation. Technical education promotes the material prosperity and economic advancement. It produces the sense of self-respect and dignity. If a country has her own technical experts, she may save a lot of foreign exchange i. e. Technical Education makes a country rich, prosperous and resourceful. Our country is rich in raw material resources but the thing is, we must have enough technical information to benefit from them. How to cite Importance of Technical Education, Papers

Effective Business Communication in Data Solutions - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Effective Business Communication in Data Solutions. Answer: Introduction: The communication audit process refers to the numerous methods of the researches that are used for the identification of the key strengths and the weaknesses that are experienced by the concerned company at a certain given point of time. The concern that is dealt with in the following essay is Data Solutions, a company that deals with the software related to the management of data. The company is located in the Australian city of Brisbane. The following essay deals with the three major issues that have been identified in the communication audit of the company. The essay deals with the qualitative significances of the various identified issues and proceeds further to put forth some recommendations for the solution of the same. The communication audit of the data management software company has revealed the fact that there are several major issues that the company has been facing in both the internal and the external affairs of the concerned organization. One of the crucial issues that the company has been facing relates to the choice of the communication medium that is being used by the various members of the workforce of the company in terms of the target audience of the communication and the addressal context of the communication. The correct form of the communication generally depends on the numerous situations that need to be handled by the various staff members of the organization. The employees of the organization might face a huge lot of misunderstandings and miscommunications with the lack of the proper choice of the communication channels that need to be adapted in order to complete the concerned communication with the target audience or fulfill the requirements of the context for the addressal of the concerned issue. The wrong choice of the communication channel might also lead to the gap in the communication, which in turn might lead to hampering of the growth of the concerned organization. Data Solutions has also been facing some serious issues that pertain to the nature of the communication that takes place within the organization. The communication audit reveals that the communication that takes place within the organization is partial and is at times limited to certain departments of the organization. The audit further states that the communication within the organization does not reach some departments within the organization. This might have led to severe communicational issues within the organization. The experts suggest that this issue of the lack in the communication might lead to various adverse situations within the organization and might hamper the overall performance of the organization and act as a demotivating factor among the staff of the organization. The audit had also revealed the fact that the inter-organizational meetings of the organization were rendered to be ineffective. The ineffective meetings might also lead to the eventual decrease in the overall performance of the concern in terms of the external affairs of the organization. The ineffective meetings might hamper the implementation of the various strategic decisions that have been decided in these meeting, within the concern thereby stalling the growth of the concern in the concerned industry. Action steps to solve the problems The company might be advised to follow certain recommended courses of action in order to combat the various major issues that have been highlighted by the communication audit that had taken place at Data Solutions. In order to deal with the issues that pertain to the wrong choice of the communicational channels on the part of the employees of the organization, the concerned management of the organization might hold the various educational sessions and meetings. The concerned management body might be advised to hold numerous presentations, seminars and workshops in order to educate the concerned workforce of the organization on the various communicational channels that the concerned staff might abide by in order to deal with the concerned target audience. The workforce is also recommended a training session on the various channels of the communication that they might implement in order to address the various issues that have been occurring at the organization. This training might help the concerned members of the staff to avail the most apt channel of communication and thereby aid the overall growth of the concerned organization. The concerned management of the concern might also need to pay a greater amount of attention to the issues that might surface due to the lack of the proper communication within the organization. In order to address these issues, the management should encourage the use of the official communication channel for all official communications. The employees must be compelled to use the official communication handle of the organization in order to communicate with their seniors, employers and the workforce of the various other departments of the concern. The management should also keep a watch out for the fact that all the official communications that take place among the various members of the organizational workforce are documented for the purpose of future references. The documented communication might help in resolving any discrepancy that might arise within the concern in the future days to come. This might also help avoid the misunderstandings that might arise among the staff of the organization regarding any particular event or occurrence and in turn help in the overall growth of the concern. The other issue that had been bothering the organization is the ineffective nature of the inter-organizational meetings that had been taking place. In order to get rid of these conditions, the concerned management organization is advised to share all the minutes of the meeting with the members of the workforce of the organization. This might aid the various members of the organization to develop a clearer notion about the set goals of the organization and thus, makes it easier for them to abide by those. This might also help them to gain knowledge about the various strategies that are followed by the organization and thus help them to contribute towards the overall progress of the organization. In lieu of the above discussion, it might be pointed out that the data management software dealer must implement the various recommended steps in order to put across a solution to the issues that have been identified during the communication audit in the organization. The implementation of the recommended steps might help the concerned members of the organizational workforce to get motivated in performing the duties that have been assigned to them by the concerned management of the organization. this in turn might lead to the improvement of the overall performance of Data Solutions, Brisbane.

The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century Essay Example For Students

The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century Essay The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century (Renaissance History, 2008). It is a French word for rebirth. It also a revival of the classical art and intellect of Ancient Greece and Rome. The art in the Renaissance time was more life-like and contained perspective. (Interactive Schooling, 2013). It was perceived as a rebirth of ancient traditions, and later on it was a tradition. Some famous artists from the Renaissance were Leonardo Ad Vinci, Tinderbox, Ghetto, Raphael, etc. Now their painting are something really valuable and significant. The printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg in 1439 he changed the lives of people in Europe and, eventually, all over the world. A printing press is a device that uses pressure to transfer an image from some sort of prepared, inked surface to a receiving surface, like paper or cloth. (Weeklies, 2007). It was one of the great inventions of the modern age. During the renaissance in geography, astronomy, chemistry, physics, mathematics, manufacturing, and engineering occurred some great advances, science in those times was something that not everybody could know like now. Renaissance science spawned the Scientific Revolution; science and technology began a cycle of mutual advancement. (Winnie Whish, 2008). Some important Renaissance technologies were; mining and metallurgy, blast furnace enabled iron to be produced in significant quantities, finery forge enabled pig iron into bar iron, slitting mill chained the production of iron rods for nail making, smelt mill increased the output of lead over previous methods. We will write a custom essay on The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Renaissance artists and architects, produced some of the finest works that we know now. The Protestant Reformation during the 16th century in Europe ushered in a new artistic tradition that embraced the Protestant agenda and diverged drastically from the southern European tradition and the humanist art produced during the high Renaissance. (Art History, 2012)

Freud vs Adler Theories essays

Freud vs Adler Theories essays Sigmund Freud has held the distinction as the Founder of Psychoanalysis in contributing a revolutionary concept that emphasizes on the human unconscious (Boerre 1997). His theory on the energy sources he and his associate, Josef Breuer, called the id, ego and superego, make up the human psyche. They formulated that the id as the unconscious part that works on the eros or sexual life energy and the tanatos or anger/death energy. The ego energy source balances these energies, that is why people, in general, can function and coexist in society (Boeree). The ego is strong enough to control them. Freud and Breuer's theory, however, suggested that, sometimes, the id becomes more dominant and gets to control human behavior, such as during sleep when suppressed desires are revealed in dreams. The theory also holds that the superego is a person's mental image of his or her ideal self, which includes all the values and norms learned and internalized from the person's environment. The superego energy is, therefore, directly opposed to and by the id, and the ego endeavors to satisfy and keep both extremes balanced (Boeree). Freud also proposed that mental disorders develop in early childhood and go through the oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital stages. The phallic sub-theory that is well-known explains how sex-identity develops in an unconscious level (Boeree 1997) between the child and each parent, the boy developing the Oedipus Complex and the girl, the Electra Complex. Both concepts were unacceptable to the people of Freud's time, but his revolutionary analysis of the dynamics of the human psyche was nonetheless valued and remains popularly used (Pietersen 2004). His clinical research method has been widely applied in conversations with patients in analyzing and gaining insight into their behavioral pattern (Boeree). But Freud's theory has been criticized as not supporte...

Inadequate nutrition and cognitive decline Essay

Inadequate nutrition and cognitive decline - Essay Example This course study will dwell on the subject of age-related cognitive decline and nutrition as a contributing factor. The lecture will cover the normal and the non-normal aging process of individuals and in particular how nutrients add up to the neurological well-being of the elderly. The hypothesis in this discussion is that: nutritional imbalance is a resultant factor in cognitive decline. We shall review related studies and literature to support this hypothesis which aims to create awareness among all individuals to continue trying to find the nearest approach to cure and prevention of cognitive abnormalities.As the human body tends to grow with age, a certain amount of memory decline is felt which includes the minute reductions or delay in thought processing. For others though, a magnitude of reduction beyond what may be considered "normal" and are relentlessly progressive, robbing individuals of their memories, intellect, and eventually their abilities to recognize close members of their families may concurrently result to a certain cognitive decline. The increasing risk of demented elderly adults created the idea of preventing or reversing neurological disorders associated with cognitive decline. The results of the clinical investigative studies revealed according to Amador(1998) the discovery of vitamin deficiencies causing neurological and psychiatric symptoms. Further, Amador added that the potentials of Vit.B(cobalamin) deficiency has been overlooked as a treatable cause of reversible dementia. Markle(1996)critically reviewed the alteration in thought processes associated with Vit. B deficiencies and discovered several causes that contribute its loss in the bodies among elderly patients. Quadri et al(2004)further added elevated homocysteine concentration results to folate deficiency that aggravates the early risk factor for cognitive decline in elderly individuals. However Under Wright's(2000) free-radical theory of aging, he provided that the effects of "oxidative damage" are responsible for much aging particularly of the premature kind. Wright also suggested based on animal studies that diets high in anti-oxidant-rich foods may be beneficial in slowing ARCD. Among people aged 65 and older, high vitamin C and beta-carotene levels have been associated with better memory performance. Zagaria(2002)further explained that these nutrients as explained may be markers for other dietary factors responsible for protection against cognitive disorders. In most cases when physical activity is diminished, cellular metabolism is likewise affected which results to mal-absorption of nutrients that are needed by the body. Inadequate dietary intake, intake of drugs that inhibit B12 absorption, increased cobalamin excretion that can occur according to Amador in the presence of normal hematological studies. A detailed description on the role of specific nutrients in age-related cognitive decline will be discussed which includes: Vit.B (cobalamin) an d folates; antioxidants and other food products. Vit.B(cobalamin) Andel et al (2005) noticed strong evidence of connection between the low levels of vitamin B12 and warned that this is a common nutritional deficiency in the Western world. Commonly present in meat, poultry, fish, eggs and dairy products adults over 50 are mostly lacking than most people due to atropic gastritis whereby B12 absorption in the small intestine is reduced. However, it should be noted that certain acidic elements are persistent in the stomach of the elderly despite age, it is unusually unthinkable to blame the lack of needed nutrients to gastritis. Teunisse et al(1996)related that cobalamin is an essential vitamin for hematopoiesis and the maintenance of neurologic and psychiatric health. Since it is not synthesized in the body, animals must obtain Vit.B 12 from their diet. Vit.B12 works by aiding in cellular formation and longevity. Essentially it shares in the proper digestion,

Critical Film Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Film Analysis - Research Paper Example Therefore, reading the human mind is like going through a sea of feelings, emotions, behaviors and life styles developed at different point of time and age. Further, this correlates with the study of human behaviorism. As B. F. Skinner argues in his ‘Theory of Behaviorism’, human behaviors as demonstrated under different situations and circumstances, provide various learning perspectives for the individual in his developing years. These behaviors are shaped and developed while reflected by both internal and external environments of the individual eventually contributing to his cognitive development. This paper briefly addresses the various behavior patterns of the human mind as evolved with age and time. It mainly highlights a brief evaluation of the Freudian Psychology as well as the theory of behaviorism developed by Skinner while illustrating the behavior patterns and conflicting roles and life styles along with the character portrayal of Mickey from the movie Basketb all Diaries. Released in 1995 and directed by Scott Kalvert, the film is an American drama based on the autobiographical book of the same name by Jim Carroll, the high school basketball player who fell into the harrowing world of drug addiction to the extent of prostituting himself in order to afford his habit. The film portrays his early rise as the all-star basketball player, who loses himself in the dark world of drug addiction and eventually comes back as a survivor. Coming back to the notion of psychoanalysis, the predominant psychoanalytic theories can be grouped into several theoretical schools including Skinner and Carl Rogers. The most important psychological theory is the one developed by Freud. It adopts a systematic approach to address different developmental stages of the human mind. Psychoanalysis: Theories and issues With regard to describing the developmental phases of the human mind, Freud’s name comes to the forefront for his remarkable contribution to the s tudy of psychoanalysis. The Freudian psychoanalytic theory is primarily concerned with the psychological functioning and behavior patterns of the human mind. Freudian psychoanalysis discusses how the human mind develops, behaves and verbalizes thoughts including free associations, fantasies and dreams. Freud is more specifically concerned about analyzing the behavioral abnormalities of ‘confused’ and ‘lost’ adults. While explaining the behavioral patterns of abnormal adults, Freudian theory explores the connection between association of ideas and dreams. Freud’s psychoanalysis includes a wide range of themes and notions such as the following: ? Unconscious, repression and defense mechanisms ? Trauma, fixation, regression, sublimation ? Projection, ambivalence, identification ? Transference and the compulsion to repeat ? Psychosexual stages of development Skinner’s theory on behaviorism also focuses on the functioning of the human mind. Especia lly, his theory of radical behaviorism discusses behavior as a function of environmental histories of reinforcing consequences. External environment has a strong impact on the shaping of human behavior. In this context, Skinner offers operant conditioning dealing with behavior modification the two core tools of which being ‘reinforcement’ and ‘punishment’. The character of Mickey in Basketball Diaries is a perfect

Stakeholders Involved And Related Ethical Issues Information Technology Essay

Stakeholders Involved And Related Ethical Issues Information Technology Essay We also had on a local well known blog attacks and insults of a ferocity which would never have been gratuitously made in a face to face situation. We tend to feel more unconstrained on the net and often seem to revel in the support which fellow bloggers of the same thoughts tend to give us in an immediate thread response. Examine this situation in the context of the assignment specification especially from the defamation and virtual privacy invasion point of view. Introduction Unethical behavior over the internet is becoming more common. Ranging from private discrete stalking termed cyber-stalking to public defamation, it is becoming increasingly imperative to analyze the ethical issues at stake in these situations. For a personal gain, the stalker makes use of the internet to harass and defame his victim by publicly posting private sensitive information about his victim or spreading false rumors. Facts about Online Stalking Due to the spreading of the Internet across all institutions worldwide, it has become much easier for stalking to take place. Every person probably has personal data available on the Internet, either being on a personal web page or profile; or else being available to search for in government, institutes and organizations databases. Online stalking is much easier than traditional physical stalking due to various reasons: The person being stalked would probably not be aware of such a fact until the stalker initiates contact with the victim Cyber stalking can be done from the comfort of the stalkers home, or from anonymous locations such as a public internet cafà © or an office environment (1). The most crucial fact is that it is done remotely and not by confronting the actual victim. The ferocity and malicious intent would probably be greater as the aggressor feels more unconstrained on the net than in a face to face confrontation. Several online technologies can be used to stalk online (cyber-stalking). For a stalker to research about the victim, traditional search engine as well as profiles on social networking sites such as Facebook and MySpace can be used. To make direct contact with the victim, the stalker may make use of Instant Messaging (IM) services, online forums, and chat rooms. Alternatively the stalker may try to elicit a response from the victim by using techniques such as publishing defamatory statements about the victim in public places such as a web site, message boards, or a fake blog run in the victims name (2). Cyber-stalking and cyber-bullying is much more aggressive than if done face to face. The term cyber-bullying is more commonly associated when teenagers are involved in stalking and bullying online, while cyber-stalking is used for stalking involving adults. Dr. Bamford in (3) explains that the anonymity of the stalker greatly reduces traditional social and contextual attitudes such as tone of voice used and relevant body language. Anonymity can be achieved either by submitting comments in public places such as forums without an ID to trace back to the poster, or else using an alias with the aim of masking the aggressors identity. Without these attitudes, social norms and constraints are neglected, and further like-minded people might participate with the stalker in harassing the victim. Anonymity can also be easily achieved by using an anonymous remailer service (4). This would be specialized software aiming to achieve anonymity in the sending of emails. It strips the originating address from an email message and forwards it to its intended destination. All header information that might be used to track the sender is removed. According to U.S. statistics in 2007 (5), the majority of stalking victims are female at 78%. On the other hand, the majority of stalkers are male at 87%. Victims of stalking can range from a single person to whole organizations. A previous failed relationship can be a motivator for harassing a single person for emotional gain, while possible financial gain is a motivator for harassing groups or an organization. It is to the stalkers advantage however if the victim is singled out, making stalking on a single person more common than harassing a group of people. The main motives of stalking, as identified in (1), are: Stalking an ex-partner of a sexual relationship even after the relationship comes to an end. This can be due to a certain party not willing to accept that the relationship is over. Stalking however also takes place during a relationship. In a research by Tjaden and Thoennes in (6), it was concluded that nearly 60% of females are stalked by their male partner, while 30% of males are stalked by their female partner. Stalking with the aim of vengeance on the victim. This type is the most dangerous as the stalker is probably premeditating a violent attack on the victim due to a previous grudge. It is to be noted that the majority of this type of stalker are male. Stalking due to mental illnesses, ranging from delusional stalkers suffering from depressions to harasser stalkers suffering from a certain attention-seeking personality disorder. After obtaining the necessary vital information, in most cases the stalker exposes it publicly to defame his victim. Such public places include chat rooms and more commonly community areas such as online profiles and forums. The stalker may assume the identity of the victim by posting inflammatory and probably fictitious information in the name of the victim to elicit a response from the community (5). This type of action, termed Masquerading, is discussed later on. There are several defamatory actions that are viewed as illegal and prosecuted, some of which, as mentioned in (4), include the sending of malicious and threatening private messages over the Internet to the intended victim, libel at the intended victim, as well as the publication of messages in public places such as on a web site that show malicious intent to commit acts of hate-motivated violence. Cyber bullying is common in adolescent teens. In a survey carried out in (7), it was reported that 43% of U.S. teens have experienced some form of cyber-bullying in the previous year. This may be due to a lack of knowledge about the reason and the ways to protect private information. The internet and virtual communication environments in general, provide a perfect medium for a cyber bully to defame the victim constantly, even after school hours. In June 2003, a twelve-year old Japanese girl ended up killing her classmate after the latter defamed her on the Internet by the posting of certain messages (3). An example of group bullying is what happened to Canadian boy David Knight (3), who was a victim of a hate campaign when school mates built an online web site entitled Hate David Knight. The website contained defamatory pictures and abuse towards the victim. The group also encouraged the global online community to join their hate campaign. Another form of cyber attacks that is common amongst teens is Masquerading (3). This term refers to either when the stalker/attacker poses as somebody else who is close to the victim, or as the victim itself. In the first case, one can make use of the victims closest friend mobile phone to send harassing messages in the name of the friend, for example. In this way, the harasser remains anonymous while at the same time confusing the victim. In the second form of Masquerading, the stalker may obtain the victims login details for personal places such as personal blog, webpage or Facebook profile. This exchange of passwords amongst teens is very common, as it is considered a sign of true friendship and trust (3). The stalker would then proceed to defame the victim by posing as the victim himself/herself, producing a creditable and real scenario for fellow online friends to witness. Suicides due to Cyber-Stalking and Cyber-Bullying The effects of cyber-stalking on the victim can be quite damaging. We analyze two such cases where victims ended up committing suicide after being stalked or harassed over the Internet. The first case is the suicide of Megan Meier, a thirteen-year-old teenager that committed suicide on 17th October 2006 after being cyber-bullied on MySpace, a popular social networking website (8). A fake profile was set up on MySpace in the name of a 16-year-old boy named Josh Evans who wanted to befriend Megan. On the day of the suicide, Megan and Josh had an argument online. Some other participants also joined in and in no time, there were messages and bulletins being sent to friends and schoolmates containing false accusations about Megan about her physique and sexual tendencies. This led to Megans suicide. From this case we can see how dangerous such a situation can be over the Internet, where like-minded people join with the stalker and behave unethically and inappropriately to the detriment of the victim. The second suicide case took place in Abu Dhabi when Emma Jones, a British teacher killed herself (9) after being defamed on the social networking site Facebook. The responsible harasser was her ex-boyfriend, who posted naked photos of Emma on Facebook. Allegedly he had obtained the photos illegally from Emmas computer. This public defamation coupled with the fact that she was working in an Islamic country that is very restrictive on such issues contributed to Emmas suicide. Stakeholders Involved and Related Ethical Issues At first glance, the stakeholders in cyber-stalking are mainly the stalker and the victim. However, it may not always be that clear to identify all stakeholders. The victims near family can become a stakeholder due to the victims possible actions, such as suicide, after being the victim of a privacy invasion or of public defamation. The controlling authorities of mediums that aided the stalker in retrieving sensitive information about the victim are also stakeholders. This however cannot be stated conclusively as legislations vary across various jurisdictions. In a certain jurisdiction, an action may be considered legal while in others it may not. In a case study of internet stalking (10), a twenty-year old girl named Amy Boyer from New Hampshire was murdered in October 1999. The murderer, Liam Youens, used to stalk her on the internet by searching for her personal information. Using search engine tools that are readily available to everyone, he was able to go through online databases and learn where his victim lived, worked and other personal details. He then set up two web sites, one of which publicly exposed all of Amys private details he managed to get hold of. On the other site he explicitly described his plan of murdering Amy. In this case, Amys immediate family members are stakeholders as they have to suffer her loss. The involvement of organizational entities as potential stakeholders is subject to ethical dilemmas. For example, the ISPs hosting the web sites might have a responsibility of monitoring the contents it hosts to avoid such cases. Also, the users reading the web sites might have an ethical obligation of informing the relevant authorities and assist the victims. We can therefore conclude that it is not always a clear-cut answer when identifying the involved stakeholders. They vary according to the case as well as what we judge as ethically right or wrong. In the case where the stalker is still an adolescent, the parents and teachers are also stakeholders as they are responsible for the development and education of the person in question. When they however see the deficiencies of laws and technology to deal with such issues, they realize they are quite powerless to avoid such a situation. As regards laws related to cyber-bullying, they are ambiguous and poorly put into practice (3). One reason for this is the lack of technical expertise and resources on the parts of the authorities such as the police, which would make it difficult to actually enforce the laws. The authorities would not have a clear understanding of a certain situation if necessary education and training has not been provided beforehand to deal with such situations. If we are to ethically analyze the shareholders in various situations concerning the internet, we first have to know who supposedly is in control of a situation and who has to take responsibility (11). Internet infrastructure companies such as Cisco and Oracle are considered as shareholders by some as they provide the internet network. However although these companies may provide the backbone structure, they would have limited interest in the content on their infrastructure. One can direct the blame on the ISPs, however these host limited content. Most newsgroups and chat rooms are nowadays hosted independently not by ISPs, and are not always easy to trace. It can be argued that a paradigm shift of Internet content has occurred from locally to globally (11). Whereas previously we had specialist ISPs hosting and providing all the content, we moved on to an era where the content is provided by the general end users. Examples of this are personal blogs and Twitter feeds. ISPs cannot be relieved of all the blame though. Even though one cannot expect them to pre-check content posted by their users, they should be willingly able to help should they receive a complaint or notification about particular content they are hosting or malicious users making use of their ISP services. Roger Darlington in (11) suggests that we first should understand what the word ethics means and represents in the context of the Internet before we can conclude who is a stakeholder or not. To have a better understanding of who is responsible for what on the Internet, he suggests that: We should accept that the Internet is not a value-free zone. We should act in a civilized manner as in the end it is us (the end users) who shape the Internet when providing content and services. Our actions on the Internet should be consistent with what we do in the real life. We should comply with laws when making use of the Internet in the same way as we do practically. The author suggests that we do not invent a new set of laws and values for the Internet; instead we apply the laws we are used to in the physical world for issues including discrimination, pornography and copyrights to name a few. We should be aware that the Internet is used by people from different cultures, religions and ethnicity. Where possible we should thus try to accommodate as much of the Internet society as possible. We should be responsive and accept feedback from the Internet user community. Ethical Issues One should make a discrepancy between what is legal and what is ethical. An action might be considered legal yet unethical. There is no law stopping a divorced man from setting up an online profile pretending to be a middle-aged woman who wants to befriend his ex-wife. Most people however would consider this behavior unethical. Although ethics are only moral guidelines and are not imposed on us like law is, they are more worldwide in judging if an action is right or wrong. As we already mentioned, various jurisdictions have inconsistent laws about similar issues concerning private information. In some countries, it may be legal to accumulate personal data on its citizens and store them in a public repository, while this practice might be illegal in other countries wishing to protect the citizens privacy. Ethical dilemmas arise in such a case. A stalker citizen living in a country that protects privacy can use a paid service that operates in a country where there is no privacy protection to obtain information about his victim that lives in the stalkers country. The service is not illegal as it operates from a different country, however such action borders on whether it is ethical or not. It is difficult to deal with such ethical issues due to a lack of technological understanding from certain authority parties. Political parties demanding that there should be more control on hosted content such as newsgroups and chat rooms would most of the time have limited knowledge about how these are hosted. Also they ignore the fact that it is a near impossible scenario to monitor and control all the information exchange that takes place. Even when laws are not in place, a responsible party such as a web hosting company should have a moral responsibility to control the content it hosts. For example, if a company hosts a web site about how to make or detonate a bomb, it should not walk away claiming to not be responsible if such information is made use of by members of the public for malicious purposes. Roger Darlington in (11) proposes some useful solutions to prevent ethical problems on the internet such as cyber stalking and cyber bullying. Laws should be modernized to reflect changing times and to make them in context with the use of the Internet. They should take into account new crimes that are not possible in the physical world such as grooming of under-age girls in chat rooms as well as cyber stalking to name a few. Such actions should be punished by crime fighters who are specifically technically trained for such high tech situations. These fighters should possess all necessary resources to tackle such cyber criminals. As already mentioned, most of cyber stalking and bullying takes place in open online communities, where the harasser can defame and expose his victim in front of a large audience. Due to this fact, these spectators witnessing such unethical behavior should be morally obliged to take action and help the victim. In the United Kingdom, the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) runs a hotline where Internet users can confidentially report such criminal behavior or contents. These foundations would be equipped with knowledge and techniques how to deal with such situations by judging the legality of the cases and identifying the culprits. If the content is deemed illegal and is hosted within the foundations jurisdiction area, they can issue a notice to the relevant ISP hosting the material to take action by removing the content (11). Maltese Law In 2002, the Data Protection Act (12) was amended in Malta to protect private data from getting into the hands of cyber-stalkers, cyber-bullies, harassers, and all those with a malicious intent to defame or invade the privacy of a victim. The document contains a number of clause articles that help protect private data. The seventh Article ensures that when data is processed, it is processed fairly and lawfully. The data collected should be specific and used for explicitly stated legitimate purposes. This clause protects the subject from revealing more data than is necessary or required. Article nine of the document clearly states that the subject must give consent before such data provided can be processed. The subject also has the right to revoke his/her consent to sensitive data processing providing legitimate grounds for the revocation. This is specified in Article 11. Cyber-stalkers wishing to learn personal information about a subject can illegitimately pose as a third-party company that makes use of this sensitive data for marketing purposes. Article 10 of the Data Protection Act specifically protects the subject from such third-parties by having the choice not to disclose his information with such parties. Article twelve focuses specifically on Sensitive Personal Data, and states that the processing of sensitive data can only take place if the subject gives consent or else has made this sensitive data public. This latter case is one which stalkers profit from, as they make use of already publicized data to defame an individual without any needed consent from the subject in question. They would not have obtained the information illegally as it would be publicly available, for example on the victims Facebook profile. One can easily view pictures of the victim and read personal information such as locality and workplace if the victim has not adjusted his/her privacy settings accordingly. Only in extreme cases, such as if a subject is being investigated or is an issue for national security, public security or the defense should secrecy restrictions be temporarily lifted. This is stated in Article 23. The Data Protection Act also prevents third parties with possible malicious intentions from processing and accessing personal data. In fact, Article 25 specifies which persons are authorized to process data. In the previous section, we discussed whether it is ethical if a stalker citizen living in a country that protects privacy can use a paid service that operates in a country where there is no privacy protection to obtain information about his victim that lives in the stalkers country. Article 27 deals specifically with such a case, whereby the transfer of sensitive data to a third country is subject to it having adequate levels of protection for this data. So if this third country does not protect the data as resiliently as the citizens country, then the third country would have no right in requesting for such information. Ethical Analysis: Consequentialist Theory A consequentialist ethical theory is a theory that focuses on the overall general consequences arising from an action. This type of ethical theory judges the rightness or wrongness of an action by analyzing the consequences of such an action. In fact it can be defined as a general normative theory that bases the moral evaluation of acts, rules, institutions, etc. solely on the goodness of their consequences, where the standard of goodness employed is a standard of non-moral goodness. (13) Utilitarianism is an example of a consequentialist ethical theory. In Utilitarianism, an action is considered ethically right if it results in the best consequences. Jeremy Bentham, an ancient philosopher and advocate of utilitarianism, defines a right action as that action is best that produces the greatest good for the greatest number (14).   However it is not always clear how a quantitative measurement of right or wrong due to an action can be defined. Also it is difficult to compare utilities as they are subject to individual interpretations. One can argue that harm done to a man and a tree should be treated equally as bad, while others argue that harm done to a human is more wrong than harming a tree. The utilitarian theory does not state that no wrong consequences can result from an action. It is only concerned with the greater good, so if a small minority of people suffers great harm while the vast majority enjoys a small benefit, the overall action is considered as ethically right. Apart from being concerned with the consequences from an action, Utilitarianism can also be applied to laws and rules. This type, called Rule Utilitarianism is concerned with the consequences from a rule. A rule is considered good if it satisfies the majority of the people. Applying this ethical theory to the concept of cyber-stalking and harassment over the Internet, we must decide if an action is morally right or wrong by analyzing the consequences it has on the respective shareholders. The amendment and enforcement of legislation against cyber-stalking is ethically right in a consequentialist view. It harms the minority that go against it, however the majority of the Internet society benefit from having a safer environment. The same argument can be applied to the already-mentioned ethical issue about whether ISPs should monitor the contents they host and act if a complaint is received. By controlling the content they host, ISPs would be punishing those who post malicious messages or information by banning them from posting for example. The greater good is ensured though, as the Internet society as well as the potential victims of such harassers would have a safer future experience on the Internet. Ethical Analysis: Duty Theory A duty ethical theory, or Deontology, is rather different from Consequentialism. In Deontology, an action is right if it satisfies a principle or moral rule, without any concern for the overall consequences. It is the acts that determine if something is ethically right or wrong, not the consequences as in Consequentialism. Morality is determined according to rationally recognizing ones duties towards others (15). Same as in Consequentialism, Deontology can also be branched into two types: a set of ethical theories concerning actions and another set concerning the rules (15). Both sets of ethical theories however state that the good comes from our own ability to carry out our moral obligations. Kantianism, or Kantian Ethics, is an example of a deontological ethical theory which falls under the deontological set of theories concerning rules. Kant states that for one to act morally right, he needs to act according to his duty, which must be good in itself. The motives of the action ultimately determine if an action is ethically right or wrong. In cyber-stalking, the stakeholders must act according to what their duty is. Taking the ISP ethical issue, the ISP must always seek to satisfy and protect his clients, providing that what they are posting on the Internet is morally correct. We discussed many cases where the stalker or harasser hides behind anonymity to attack the victim. It is the duty of the stalker to respect the victim over the Internet and act in a consistent way as he would when face-to-face with the victim. Failing to do so will result in unethical behavior according to Kantianism. All stakeholders must perform their duty to behave ethically correct. We shall take into example the already discussed case where a citizen makes use of a detective service operating in a third country to discover information about another person living in his country. Law makers and law enforcers in both countries should act ethically and perform their duty in protecting their citizens, by amending specific laws which protect a persons privacy even online. In this scenario, it would become illegal to obtain such information using this service, thus it will be the citizen requesting information who is behaving unethically. In the Amy Boyer case, the general public who read the websites set up by Liam Youens had the duty to inform the relevant authorities such as the ISP hosting the websites. According to the Kantianism view, the complaint by these users to the relevant authorities is the correct ethical action to perform. Conclusion Cyber-stalking and online harassment is a major issue that is ever increasing as more people make use of online facilities to disclose private information. Whether disclosing the data involuntary, by filling forms with sensitive data that ends up being shared with third-parties, or voluntary by posting it on personal profiles such as Facebook and MySpace, it is becoming increasingly likely and easier to stalk a person by obtaining all necessary personal information. Such stalking often has devastating effects on the victim. We discussed several cases where acts of stalking or defamation over the Internet ended up with the victim committing suicide. In most cases, this would be because of the public humiliation suffered by the victim when the harasser and similarly-minded people behave unethically over the Internet. We showed that such people feel more unconstrained when attacking from a safe and anonymous environment than when facing the victim in the physical world. Legislations need to be devised to minimize such cases as much as possible. Locally, the Data Protection Act is one such legal document that protects sensitive data of the citizens. The problem however lies with inconsistencies between various jurisdictions in accepting and implementing such legislations. Only when a set of unambiguous and consistent rules is devised can all the relevant stakeholders in such cyber-stalking issues know what the right course of action to behave ethically is. To help us in our moral and ethical judgment and how we should act in cyber-stalking issues, we discussed and contrasted the two major theories of ethics of conduct: Consequentialism and Deontology. While Consequentialism states that the right action is the one that produces the most intrinsic good for the majority of the stakeholders, Deontology states that the right action is to perform ones duty in the circumstances. For both ethical theories, we focused on Utilitarianism and Kantianism respectively as a practical example. For each, we evaluated how the stakeholders should act when faced with the ethical issues and cases that were discussed.

Management & Leadership

Apple’s Management and Leadership Apple’s Management and Leadership Apples management and leadership have taken the small company in Silicon Valley and transformed it into a multinational conglomerate. From the time of its inception, Apple’s innovation has delivered the personal computer, the Graphical User Interface, the world’s most popular portable music devices and favorite cellular phone. The creation of these products only illustrates part of the success of Apple’s management; the other would be the successful integration into the lifestyle of cultures around the world. Apple has molded the face of personal computing at a global level with its strong and visionary leadership, ability to remain innovative, and its ability to maximize globalization will remain a dominant force organizationally. This paper will investigate Apple’s management and leadership, their responsibility in creating and maintaining a healthy organizational culture, the effect of globalization and management across borders and will recommend two strategies to maintain their healthy organizational culture. Management and Leadership Friends Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak established Apple Computer Incorporated in 1976 in California’s famous Silicon Valley (Apple Bios, 2010). The company initially made custom circuit boards for people who wanted to build their own computers. Between Jobs marketing genius and Wozniak’s technical expertise the two realized the potential of the computer and with a little work they created a whole new market; personal computers (Schneider, 2010). Though the beginnings were fairly humble with only $1300 for startup (Funding Universe, 2010) which would soon change. In 1977 the Apple II Personal Computer launched, grossing 2. 7 Million its first year and growing to over $200 million in three years (About. com, 2010). Apple has since revolutionized the world with its personal computing products and creative marketing. Apple’s management has been as innovative in the growth of this global organization as their products have been. A quick glance would leave one to think this Apple is ripe, but the company has only recently started to bloom. Expanding into European and Asian markets in 2003 they have made a steady climb every year, but still have claimed only ive percent of the Windows PC market (Yarrow & Angelova, 2010). To examine the leadership of Apple is to look to its original marketing director, Steve Jobs. Steve Jobs was the visionary force at Apple, determining the company’s vision and orchestrating its implementation. He lured executives as John Sculley away from Pepsico (Costello, 2010) and raised funding from former Intel M arketing Director Mike Markkulla Junior (Wikipedia, 2010). The team entered 1984 with a revolutionary new line, the Macintosh. The Macintosh was the first computer to use a graphic user interface. When the company initially launched the Macintosh, it rolled out with a commercial based on George Orwell’s novel 1984 with Apple representing the heroic rebel struggling for freedom (Costello, 2010). The captor was widely recognized as IBM’s business based computer and in the commercial the new Macintosh was destroying the IBM world. Directed by Ridley Scott the commercial cost nearly 1. 5 million, and only aired once in 1983 on a small unknown station to make it eligible for film awards, but news and talk shows replayed it everywhere (Bellis, 2010). Unfortunately, the Macintosh was not well equipped with programs for the business side of the market and though the GUI interface was well received, the company slumped, high tensions between Sculley and Jobs increased, which ultimately lead to a board decision 1985 to give Sculley control of the company, Jobs quite (Schneider, 2010). This proved to be a bad move for Apple’s board of directors, they were left with management but lacked Jobs visionary leadership. This management continued to perform the daily task, making small improvements, they struggled to hold to its small market share as well as its internal talent and managed to do so only because of its small but loyal following. Though Jobs was no longer at Apple in a management position, he retained his seat on the board and had continued to work on an advanced operating system; this new system would become Apples biggest advance in their operating system since the GUI. This software platform would become the new OSX platform and pave the way for Jobs return to Apple in December 1996 (Schneider, 2010). In early 1997 the effects of Jobs leadership were already being felt at Apple as Jobs announced that Apple would start to sell their computers online, and within one week of its launch it was the third largest e-commerce site on the Internet (Schneider, 2010). Inspired by the success Apples board of directors decided to give Jobs the reigns as CEO. The decision to bring Jobs back to Apple and to make him CEO has proven in large to be Apples keys to success. Jobs technical knowledge and innovative thinking have pushed Apple ahead in product development and brought to market the iMac, the iPod, and the iPhone. Jobs understanding of the importance of design and aesthetics have also been felt by Apple and the global market. He has driven the development of functional and elegant products and this leadership has earned Apple and its products a devoted following. Creating a Healthy Organizational Culture In 1984 Bill Gates had caught a glimpse of Apples first GUI product called Lisa, immediately realizing the potential he reworked Microsoft Windows and pitched the platform to IBM (Bellis, 2010). This action quickly developed into threats of a lawsuit between Apple and Microsoft over infringement of copyright, patent, and trade secrets. Knowing that they had overstepped their bounds, Microsoft quickly proposed a license agreement that would allow Microsoft to use similar structures such as tiled windows, a mouse pointer and drop down menus, Apple agreed (Bellis, 2010). In 1987 Microsoft released Windows 2. 0, having the look and feel of a Mac. Apple took Microsoft to court for 170 infringements of copyrights, patents and trade secrets. The court ruled that the license agreement given to Microsoft granted the legal right to develop and market the Mac drop down menus, the floating windows and the mouse point and click environment. Furthermore they ruled in favor of Microsoft on all 170 infringements (Bellis, 2010). This judgment helped surrender Apples technological lead in the computer industry, cost the company potential revenues and forced layoffs. No doubt these events affected the corporate culture at Apple, to this day the company is very secretive of any development the organization works on and takes its secrecy so seriously that employees are timid to give out any information on the company at all. Some authors voice their frustration claiming that employees back out of interviews, refuse to give any detailed information and even refuse to give their name for fear that the company will discover them and take action (Morrison, 2010). Despite this supposed fear, the employees understand the potential consequences financially if product information is leaked; this understanding develops trust in Jobs leadership and with the company’s success in every market it enters reinforces this trust. Apple’s corporate catch phrase is â€Å"Think Differently† (Apple, 2010) and the company has proven to do so by ignoring trends and market research analysis, and triumphantly resisting pressure from other large corporate conglomerates while continuing to increase profitability and bring revolutionary products to market. In his younger years before Apple Steve Jobs had taken a trip to India and returned with his head shaved, wearing traditional Indian clothing and claiming he was a Buddhist (Wikipedia, 2010). This is perhaps one of the biggest influences in Steve Jobs life personally, and though he does not continue to wear the traditional Indian clothing, the Zen influence of meditation and intuition, and minimalism are still very visible in his leadership and the culture at Apple. Additionally Jobs has kept Apples creative talent in an incubator of sorts, deep inside the campus catering to their comfort and privacy (Morrison, 2010). Apples leadership has also brought attention to detail to the forefront, spending tremendous amounts on perfecting minor details in products before they are released. The creative talent at Apple are highly protected and hidden deep with the camp Globalization and Management Across Borders The effect of Globalization on Apple has been tremendously positive. In 2003 the company started expanding into European and Asian markets with products and Apple stores and has experienced growth exceeding 500% (Yarow & Angelove, 2010). Despite this rapid growth CEO Steve Jobs and only a small handful of his top executives see new products in completed form, the rest of the organization develops small parts of the products they built in different locations amidst Apples sprawling global campus (Morrison, 2010). This organization continues to hold its vertical structure with the majority of the important decisions coming from Jobs and his small group of senior executives. Apple continues to maintain its vertical structure in an effort to protect its product development and globalization have to add to its ability to remain secretive in this process. Strategies to Maintain a Healthy Organizational Culture Apple has undoubtedly changed all of our lives with its computers, iPods and iPhones, and with its current leadership has managed to create an organization that does indeed â€Å"Think Differently† (Apple, 2010). The task becomes maintaining this innovative corporate attitude to ensure the companies future success. It is clear that most of the success that Apple has experienced because of its innovative leadership and preserving its leadership is one strategy for maintaining its healthy organizational culture. It’s inevitable that age if nothing else will weaken the current leadership. With this in mind, where as the organization and its leadership are strong, plans to train or recruit future leaders, which are aligned with Apples unique culture, should be developed. These plans should account for Apples maverick attitude and future goals. A second strategy for maintaining this successful culture is to plan strategically. Apple’s products have had profound effects on their prospective markets, decimating its competition; however competitors will watch and learn and begin to implement Apples strategies to compete in emerging markets making strategic planning much more important. Typical strategic planning ranges from three to seven years out and is handled by senior management (Bateman & Snell, 2009, p. 141). This type of planning will take into account foreseeable obstacles that the company may face and provide enough time to respond effectively. Apples history of bucking trends and ignoring fads can still be maintained, and even some low performing products may be endured if the proper strategic planning has been done. Conclusion Apple’s corporate catch phrase â€Å"Think Differently† (Apple, 2010) and their ability to do so is shown in their innovation and marketing. Their innovation, creativity and corporate secrecy all play a part in maintaining their unique culture and will ensure they remain a dominant force globally (Morrison, 2010). Their strong and visionary leadership has changed computing, as we in our lifetime have known it with inventions like the Graphical User Interface, the iPod, and the iPhone. Apple has demonstrated the positive effects globalization and management across borders has had on the company by its move into European Asian markets. These markets have seen enormous growth and still possess plenty of potential for growth. By retaining their innovative leadership as opposed to corporate management and plan strategically they will ensure their place as one of the most uccessful and innovative companies in human history. References Apple (2010). Bios. Retrieved April 15, 2010 on the Apple website: http://www. apple. com/pr/bios/jobs. html Bellis (2010). Inventors of the Modern Computer. Retrieved April 15, 2010 from the About. com website: http://inventors. about. com/library/weekly/aa051599. htm Morrison (2010). How to Innovate Like Apple. Retrieved April 16, 2010 from the BNET website: http://w ww. bnet. com/2403-13501_23-330240. html Schneider, Laura (2010) Tech Careers. Retrieved April 15, 2010, from the About. om website: http://jobsearchtech. about. com/od/historyoftechindustry/a/SteveJobs. htm Thomas, S. , Bateman, S. , & Snell, S. (2009). Management  (8th ed. ). New York, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Wikipedia (2010). Steve Jobs. Retrieved April 15, 2010, from the Wikipedia website: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Steve_Jobs Yarrow & Angelova (2010). Chart of the Day: Apple’s Retail Strategy is Paying Off. Retrieved April 15, 2010, from the Business Insider website: http://www. businessinsider. com/chart-of-the-day-apple-stores-vs-mac-market-share-2010-3 Management & Leadership Apple’s Management and Leadership Apple’s Management and Leadership Apples management and leadership have taken the small company in Silicon Valley and transformed it into a multinational conglomerate. From the time of its inception, Apple’s innovation has delivered the personal computer, the Graphical User Interface, the world’s most popular portable music devices and favorite cellular phone. The creation of these products only illustrates part of the success of Apple’s management; the other would be the successful integration into the lifestyle of cultures around the world. Apple has molded the face of personal computing at a global level with its strong and visionary leadership, ability to remain innovative, and its ability to maximize globalization will remain a dominant force organizationally. This paper will investigate Apple’s management and leadership, their responsibility in creating and maintaining a healthy organizational culture, the effect of globalization and management across borders and will recommend two strategies to maintain their healthy organizational culture. Management and Leadership Friends Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak established Apple Computer Incorporated in 1976 in California’s famous Silicon Valley (Apple Bios, 2010). The company initially made custom circuit boards for people who wanted to build their own computers. Between Jobs marketing genius and Wozniak’s technical expertise the two realized the potential of the computer and with a little work they created a whole new market; personal computers (Schneider, 2010). Though the beginnings were fairly humble with only $1300 for startup (Funding Universe, 2010) which would soon change. In 1977 the Apple II Personal Computer launched, grossing 2. 7 Million its first year and growing to over $200 million in three years (About. com, 2010). Apple has since revolutionized the world with its personal computing products and creative marketing. Apple’s management has been as innovative in the growth of this global organization as their products have been. A quick glance would leave one to think this Apple is ripe, but the company has only recently started to bloom. Expanding into European and Asian markets in 2003 they have made a steady climb every year, but still have claimed only ive percent of the Windows PC market (Yarrow & Angelova, 2010). To examine the leadership of Apple is to look to its original marketing director, Steve Jobs. Steve Jobs was the visionary force at Apple, determining the company’s vision and orchestrating its implementation. He lured executives as John Sculley away from Pepsico (Costello, 2010) and raised funding from former Intel M arketing Director Mike Markkulla Junior (Wikipedia, 2010). The team entered 1984 with a revolutionary new line, the Macintosh. The Macintosh was the first computer to use a graphic user interface. When the company initially launched the Macintosh, it rolled out with a commercial based on George Orwell’s novel 1984 with Apple representing the heroic rebel struggling for freedom (Costello, 2010). The captor was widely recognized as IBM’s business based computer and in the commercial the new Macintosh was destroying the IBM world. Directed by Ridley Scott the commercial cost nearly 1. 5 million, and only aired once in 1983 on a small unknown station to make it eligible for film awards, but news and talk shows replayed it everywhere (Bellis, 2010). Unfortunately, the Macintosh was not well equipped with programs for the business side of the market and though the GUI interface was well received, the company slumped, high tensions between Sculley and Jobs increased, which ultimately lead to a board decision 1985 to give Sculley control of the company, Jobs quite (Schneider, 2010). This proved to be a bad move for Apple’s board of directors, they were left with management but lacked Jobs visionary leadership. This management continued to perform the daily task, making small improvements, they struggled to hold to its small market share as well as its internal talent and managed to do so only because of its small but loyal following. Though Jobs was no longer at Apple in a management position, he retained his seat on the board and had continued to work on an advanced operating system; this new system would become Apples biggest advance in their operating system since the GUI. This software platform would become the new OSX platform and pave the way for Jobs return to Apple in December 1996 (Schneider, 2010). In early 1997 the effects of Jobs leadership were already being felt at Apple as Jobs announced that Apple would start to sell their computers online, and within one week of its launch it was the third largest e-commerce site on the Internet (Schneider, 2010). Inspired by the success Apples board of directors decided to give Jobs the reigns as CEO. The decision to bring Jobs back to Apple and to make him CEO has proven in large to be Apples keys to success. Jobs technical knowledge and innovative thinking have pushed Apple ahead in product development and brought to market the iMac, the iPod, and the iPhone. Jobs understanding of the importance of design and aesthetics have also been felt by Apple and the global market. He has driven the development of functional and elegant products and this leadership has earned Apple and its products a devoted following. Creating a Healthy Organizational Culture In 1984 Bill Gates had caught a glimpse of Apples first GUI product called Lisa, immediately realizing the potential he reworked Microsoft Windows and pitched the platform to IBM (Bellis, 2010). This action quickly developed into threats of a lawsuit between Apple and Microsoft over infringement of copyright, patent, and trade secrets. Knowing that they had overstepped their bounds, Microsoft quickly proposed a license agreement that would allow Microsoft to use similar structures such as tiled windows, a mouse pointer and drop down menus, Apple agreed (Bellis, 2010). In 1987 Microsoft released Windows 2. 0, having the look and feel of a Mac. Apple took Microsoft to court for 170 infringements of copyrights, patents and trade secrets. The court ruled that the license agreement given to Microsoft granted the legal right to develop and market the Mac drop down menus, the floating windows and the mouse point and click environment. Furthermore they ruled in favor of Microsoft on all 170 infringements (Bellis, 2010). This judgment helped surrender Apples technological lead in the computer industry, cost the company potential revenues and forced layoffs. No doubt these events affected the corporate culture at Apple, to this day the company is very secretive of any development the organization works on and takes its secrecy so seriously that employees are timid to give out any information on the company at all. Some authors voice their frustration claiming that employees back out of interviews, refuse to give any detailed information and even refuse to give their name for fear that the company will discover them and take action (Morrison, 2010). Despite this supposed fear, the employees understand the potential consequences financially if product information is leaked; this understanding develops trust in Jobs leadership and with the company’s success in every market it enters reinforces this trust. Apple’s corporate catch phrase is â€Å"Think Differently† (Apple, 2010) and the company has proven to do so by ignoring trends and market research analysis, and triumphantly resisting pressure from other large corporate conglomerates while continuing to increase profitability and bring revolutionary products to market. In his younger years before Apple Steve Jobs had taken a trip to India and returned with his head shaved, wearing traditional Indian clothing and claiming he was a Buddhist (Wikipedia, 2010). This is perhaps one of the biggest influences in Steve Jobs life personally, and though he does not continue to wear the traditional Indian clothing, the Zen influence of meditation and intuition, and minimalism are still very visible in his leadership and the culture at Apple. Additionally Jobs has kept Apples creative talent in an incubator of sorts, deep inside the campus catering to their comfort and privacy (Morrison, 2010). Apples leadership has also brought attention to detail to the forefront, spending tremendous amounts on perfecting minor details in products before they are released. The creative talent at Apple are highly protected and hidden deep with the camp Globalization and Management Across Borders The effect of Globalization on Apple has been tremendously positive. In 2003 the company started expanding into European and Asian markets with products and Apple stores and has experienced growth exceeding 500% (Yarow & Angelove, 2010). Despite this rapid growth CEO Steve Jobs and only a small handful of his top executives see new products in completed form, the rest of the organization develops small parts of the products they built in different locations amidst Apples sprawling global campus (Morrison, 2010). This organization continues to hold its vertical structure with the majority of the important decisions coming from Jobs and his small group of senior executives. Apple continues to maintain its vertical structure in an effort to protect its product development and globalization have to add to its ability to remain secretive in this process. Strategies to Maintain a Healthy Organizational Culture Apple has undoubtedly changed all of our lives with its computers, iPods and iPhones, and with its current leadership has managed to create an organization that does indeed â€Å"Think Differently† (Apple, 2010). The task becomes maintaining this innovative corporate attitude to ensure the companies future success. It is clear that most of the success that Apple has experienced because of its innovative leadership and preserving its leadership is one strategy for maintaining its healthy organizational culture. It’s inevitable that age if nothing else will weaken the current leadership. With this in mind, where as the organization and its leadership are strong, plans to train or recruit future leaders, which are aligned with Apples unique culture, should be developed. These plans should account for Apples maverick attitude and future goals. A second strategy for maintaining this successful culture is to plan strategically. Apple’s products have had profound effects on their prospective markets, decimating its competition; however competitors will watch and learn and begin to implement Apples strategies to compete in emerging markets making strategic planning much more important. Typical strategic planning ranges from three to seven years out and is handled by senior management (Bateman & Snell, 2009, p. 141). This type of planning will take into account foreseeable obstacles that the company may face and provide enough time to respond effectively. Apples history of bucking trends and ignoring fads can still be maintained, and even some low performing products may be endured if the proper strategic planning has been done. Conclusion Apple’s corporate catch phrase â€Å"Think Differently† (Apple, 2010) and their ability to do so is shown in their innovation and marketing. Their innovation, creativity and corporate secrecy all play a part in maintaining their unique culture and will ensure they remain a dominant force globally (Morrison, 2010). Their strong and visionary leadership has changed computing, as we in our lifetime have known it with inventions like the Graphical User Interface, the iPod, and the iPhone. Apple has demonstrated the positive effects globalization and management across borders has had on the company by its move into European Asian markets. These markets have seen enormous growth and still possess plenty of potential for growth. By retaining their innovative leadership as opposed to corporate management and plan strategically they will ensure their place as one of the most uccessful and innovative companies in human history. References Apple (2010). Bios. Retrieved April 15, 2010 on the Apple website: http://www. apple. com/pr/bios/jobs. html Bellis (2010). Inventors of the Modern Computer. Retrieved April 15, 2010 from the About. com website: http://inventors. about. com/library/weekly/aa051599. htm Morrison (2010). How to Innovate Like Apple. Retrieved April 16, 2010 from the BNET website: http://w ww. bnet. com/2403-13501_23-330240. html Schneider, Laura (2010) Tech Careers. Retrieved April 15, 2010, from the About. om website: http://jobsearchtech. about. com/od/historyoftechindustry/a/SteveJobs. htm Thomas, S. , Bateman, S. , & Snell, S. (2009). Management  (8th ed. ). New York, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Wikipedia (2010). Steve Jobs. Retrieved April 15, 2010, from the Wikipedia website: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Steve_Jobs Yarrow & Angelova (2010). Chart of the Day: Apple’s Retail Strategy is Paying Off. Retrieved April 15, 2010, from the Business Insider website: http://www. businessinsider. com/chart-of-the-day-apple-stores-vs-mac-market-share-2010-3